Output devices that establish wireless connection with an information apparatus subsequent to having been wirelessly discovered by the information apparatus

ABSTRACT

Output devices (or output controllers connectable to an output device) that establish a wireless connection with an information apparatus are herein disclosed and enabled. An output device may be an audio output device, a printer, a television, a projector, or a display device. The output device may include one or more chips or chipsets that are compatible with Bluetooth or IEEE 802.11 standards. The output device is operable to: wirelessly announce its availability for the information apparatus to wirelessly discover the output device when the information apparatus is within a limited physical distance to the output device; wirelessly transmit one or more device attributes related to the output device from the output device to the information apparatus that has wirelessly discovered the output device; and wirelessly receive, from the information apparatus, output data that is in accordance, at least in part, to the one or more device attributes.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/229,896 filed Dec. 21, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/201,194 filed Jul. 1, 2016 and issued as U.S.Pat. No. 10,162,596, which is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/710,295 filed Dec. 10, 2012 and issued as U.S. Pat. No.9,383,956, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/903,048 filed Oct. 12, 2010 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,332,521,which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/016,223filed Nov. 1, 2001 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,941,541, and whichclaims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.60/245,101 filed Nov. 1, 2000. The complete disclosures of the aboveapplications are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.Additionally, this application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/200,380 filed Nov. 26, 2018, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/332,432 filed Oct.24, 2016 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,140,071, which is a continuationof U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/053,765 filed Jan. 18, 2002 andissued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,836,257, and which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/262,764 filed Jan. 19, 2001.The complete disclosures of the above applications are herebyincorporated by reference for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF INVENTION

Present invention relates to device synchronization and digital outputand, in particular, to providing pervasive output for informationapparatuses.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An Information apparatus refers to both stationary computers and mobilecomputing devices (pervasive devices). Examples of informationapparatuses include without limitation desktop computers, laptopcomputers, palmtop (hand-held) computers, personal digital assistants(PDAs), Internet-enabled cellular phones, smart phones, pagers, Internetappliances, e-books, digital pads, Web pads, and digital capturingdevices (e.g., digital cameras and video cameras). An output device 140may include a fax machine, printer, copier, image or video displaydevice, projector, and an audio output device.

For simplicity and convenience, hereafter, the following description mayrefer to an output device as a printer and an output process asprinting. However, it should be understood that the term printer andprinting is used as a specific example to simplify description or may beone exemplary embodiment. The reference to printing used here isintended to be applied or extended to the larger scope and definition ofoutput devices and should not be construed as restricting the scope andpractice of present invention.

Fueled by ever-increasing bandwidth and processing power andever-increasing numbers of wireless mobile devices and availablesoftware applications for pervasive devices, millions of users are orwill be creating, downloading, and transmitting content and informationusing their pervasive computing devices. Unfortunately, the smalldisplay screen of a pervasive device may not provide a good viewingexperience. As a result, there is a need to allow users to easily outputcontent and information from their pervasive computing devices to anyoutput device. People need to output directly and conveniently fromtheir pervasive information apparatus, without depending onsynchronizing with a stationary computer (e.g., desktop personalcomputer) for printing, as an example.

To illustrate, an information worker at an airport receiving e-mail inhis hand-held computer may want to walk up to a nearby printer or faxmachine to have his e-mail printed. In addition, the mobile worker mayalso want to print a copy of his to-do list, appointment book, businesscard, and his flight schedule from his mobile device. As anotherexample, a traveler stopping at a convenience store, gas station, orkiosks may want to print out a copy of the map he just downloaded fromthe Internet using his Internet enable wireless phone (informationapparatus). In still another example, an individual who just finished astock trade or performed an e-commerce transaction using his PDA(information apparatus) may want to print out a copy of his transactionconfirmation, invoice or receipt. In yet another example, a user whotakes a picture with a digital camera may want to easily print it out toa nearby printer.

Conventionally, an output device (e.g., a printer) is connected to aninformation apparatus via a wired connection such as a cable line. Awireless connection is also possible by using, for example, radiocommunication or infrared communication. Regardless of whether theconnection is wired or wireless, a user must first install in theinformation apparatus a printer driver corresponding to a particularprinter model and make. Using a device-dependent or specific driver, theinformation apparatus may process output content or a digital documentinto the printer input space. The printer input space corresponds to thetype of input that a printer understands (herein referred to as printdata). For example, the printer input space or print data may include aprinter-specific input format (e.g., image, graphics, file, dataformat), encoding, page description language, markup language,instructions, protocols or data that can be understood or used by aparticular printer make and model.

Print data may be proprietary or a published standard or a combinationof the two. A printer input space or print data is therefore, ingeneral, device dependent. Different printer models may specify theirown input, designed or adopted for optimal operation by the printermanufacturer according to a specification. Consequently, differentprinters usually require use of specific printer drivers for accurateprinting. A device driver (printer driver in this example) may control,manage, communicate, and output print data to a printer. Sometimes,instead of using a printer or device driver, the device driving featuremay be included as part of an application software. The application inthis example may process the document and communicate directly with anoutput device without utilizing a device driver. Print data is an outputdata sent to a printer. However, the term print data used here isintended to be applied or extended to the larger scope and definition ofoutput data which applies to any output devices including display,projection and audio devices, and this should not be construed asrestricting the scope and practice of present invention.

Installation of a printer driver or application may be accomplished by,for example, manual installation using a CD or floppy disk supplied bythe printer manufacturer. Or alternatively, a user may be able todownload that particular driver or application from a network. For ahome or office user, this installation process may take anywhere fromseveral minutes to several hours depending on the type of driver anduser's sophistication level with computing devices and networks. Evenwith plug-and-play driver installation, the user is still required toexecute a multi-step process for each printer. This installation andconfiguration process add a degree of complexity and work to end-userswho may otherwise spend their time doing other productive or enjoyablework. Moreover, many unsophisticated users may be discouraged fromadding new peripherals (e.g., printers, scanners, etc.) to their homecomputers or networks to avoid the inconvenience of installation andconfiguration. Therefore, there is a need to provide a way for a user tomore conveniently or easily output digital content to an output devicewithout the inconvenience of manually finding and installing new devicedrivers or printer drivers. Installation of printer drivers, if needed,should be more automatic and transparent to end-users.

In addition, conventional printing methods may pose significantly higherchallenges and difficulties for mobile device users than for home andoffice computer users. The requirement for pre-installation of adevice-dependent driver is in conflict with the concept of mobile(pervasive) computing and output. For example, a mobile user may want toprint e-mail, PowerPoint® presentation documents, web pages, or otherdocuments in an airplane or at an airport, gas station, conveniencestore, kiosk, hotel, conference room, office, home, etc. It is highlyunlikely that the user would find at any of these locations a printer ofthe same make and model as is at the user's base station. Therefore, theuser may have to install and configure a printer driver each time ateach of these locations before printing. Alternatively, it is also not aviable option usually to pre-install all of the possible hundreds, oreven thousands, of printer drivers available to the user's informationapparatus. A mobile information device usually has limited memory andstorage capacity. As a consequence, the user would currently be requiredto install and configure a printer driver each time at each suchdifferent location before printing. Moreover, the user may not want tobe bothered with looking for a driver or downloading it and installingit just to print out one page of email at the airport. This is certainlyan undesirable and discouraging process to promote pervasive or mobilecomputing. Therefore, a more convenient or automated printing solutionis needed so that a user can simply walk up to a printer and easilyprint a digital document without having to install or pre-install aparticular printer driver.

Network printing may partially solve the above problem in a local areanetwork (LAN). Network printing was first motivated to allow people toshare printing resources within a network. Printers are often connectedto the network using a network adapter or network card. Print serversmay be used to manage print jobs (such as spooling). Different clientsmay send print jobs to the print server for queuing, prioritizing andmanaging. The driver of each networked printer may be stored in thenetwork (for example, in an application server) and available forclients to download.

The above configuration is often used in a local area network (LAN) suchas in an office building. An office worker with a mobile or staticcomputing device connected to this network may be able to send a printjob to any printer that is connected to the same network. He either hasthe necessary printer drivers pre-installed in his device or he candownload a driver from the LAN before printing to a particular printer.But once outside of the office building, or meaning outside of his wiredor wireless network coverage, the office worker can no longer print toany printer he or she desires.

In one instance, it has been argued that the idea of local networkprinting can be further extended to the Internet as the larger andpublic network. In an ideal situation, every printer and every computingdevice (information apparatus) is connected to the same network, forexample the Internet. But in reality, extending network printing to abig super-network or the Internet is still unavailable.

Nevertheless, one drawback of network printing may be higher cost. Toconnect the output devices and information apparatus to the samenetwork, additional hardware or software may need to be installed. Andtherefore, the costs of output devices may be raised substantially. Inaddition to hardware and software costs there are also service chargesto maintain the connectivity to a large network such as the Internet.Furthermore, a large permanent network infrastructure would need to bebuilt and made available to each location.

In addition to costs, another drawback of network printing isreliability. Network printing requires perfect function in any part ofthe chain of network hardware, software and services. If any componentof the link is down or not fully functional, for any reason, printingservice may be unavailable, interrupted or result in inaccuracies.

Finally, another drawback of network printing is the issue of security.A user does not feel secure if confidential documents or informationmust pass through the entire network before reaching the printerimmediately in front of him or her. There may be the fear that theconfidential document could be intercepted, viewed, copied or storedwithin any segment of the connected network. There can also be the fearthat the document could actually be printed to a different printerinstead of the intended one. This problem may be caused by, for example,errors in directory service software, a software component that is notup-to-date or corrupted, inconsistent or incompatible software and/orhardware versions, or any combination of human, software, network, orhardware errors. There is also risk when downloading a softwarecomponent (e.g., printer driver) from the network to an informationapparatus. This software component maybe damaged, corrupted or carryinga malicious attack or virus or otherwise modified by hackers. A damagedsoftware component can disrupt or corrupt the user's informationapparatus. Finally, some internal corporate or local networks may rejectunknown documents trying to reach their printers and other outputdevices protected within a firewall. It is therefore more desirable ifthe communication and exchange of information are done locally betweenusers' information apparatus and the selected output device, all withinthe range of the users watchful, and inspecting eyes.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a convenient method ofdigital printing in which a user need not pre-install a device-dependentprinter driver on an information apparatus in order to print.

This invention can provide an easy, friendly and convenient process forprinting. Unlike conventional printing, a user need not manually installa printer driver from a CD, floppy disk, or download it somewhere froman existing static network. With the apparatus and process of presentinvention, all the software components, data, or printer drivers can beloaded to the information apparatus through easy and automaticsynchronization process between the information apparatus and a printerhaving an output controller of present invention. As a result, a mobileuser with an information apparatus equipped with an output manager ofpresent invention can print pervasively virtually at any time, anywhere,to any printer.

Furthermore, this invention can provide a convenient method allowingusers to print to any printer with or without connection to a staticpermanent network for both the information apparatus and the outputdevice. Through local communication and synchronization directly betweenthe information apparatus and the output device, hardware and softwareinstallation for static network connectivity may not be necessary.Therefore printing costs may be reduced.

In addition, this invention can provide a more reliable printing methodthan conventional remote network printing methods or processes. Bycommunicating locally between an information apparatus and an outputdevice, the printing process does not depend on the perfect function ofeach element of a network chain. This chain may include, for example,network connections, network servers, application servers, serviceproviders and application providers. Therefore, the chance of asuccessful printing under present invention is greatly enhanced asprocessing and communication involves fewer elements.

This invention can further provide a more secure printing process thanconventional network printing processes and methods. Uploading ordownloading data or software components such as a printer driver from anoutput device immediately in front of user provides a more securefeeling than dealing with components from a remote location in thenetwork. Components stored in a large network may be perceived to havemore exposure to tampering (e.g., contaminated with a virus). Anerroneous module or component in the network caused by a human orsoftware or hardware error may also disrupt the function of theinformation apparatus. Furthermore, sending a confidential digitaldocument or print data directly to the printer in front of user providesa more secure feeling than if the document is routed through a largenetwork with a plurality of users and servers. There are greaterpossibilities of the document being intercepted, viewed, copied, storedor finally printed on a wrong printer in conventional network printing.

In accordance with present invention, an electronic system and method ofpervasive output allow an information apparatus to output digitalcontent conveniently to virtually any output device. The informationapparatus may be equipped with a central processing unit, input/outputcontrol unit, storage unit, memory unit, and wired or wirelesscommunication unit or adapters. The information apparatus preferablyalso includes output manager that may be implemented as applicationsoftware, a client application, or device driver (printer driver in caseof printer). The output manager may include management and controlcapabilities with hardware and software components including for exampleone or more communication chipsets residing in its host informationapparatus.

The output manager in the information apparatus may be capable ofcommunicating with, managing and synchronizing data or softwarecomponents with an output device equipped with an output controller ofpresent invention. Examples of output devices include, withoutlimitation, printers, fax machines, copiers, image or video displaydevices, monitors, display screens, projectors, and audio outputdevices.

The output controller may be a circuit board, card or softwarecomponents residing in an output device. Alternatively, the outputcontroller may be connected externally to an output device as anexternal component or “box.” The output controller may be implementedwith one or a combination of embedded processor, software, firmware,ASIC, DSP, FPGA, system on a chip, special chipsets, among others. Inanother embodiment, the functionality of the output controller may beprovided by application software running on a PC, workstation or serverconnected externally to an output device.

The output controller may include a processing unit, memory/storage unitand communication adapter unit, among others. The storage or memory unitof the output controller may store device drivers, software componentsor objects encapsulating device dependent data, algorithms, and code.Device dependent data may be, for example, parameters and informationabout the output device and output controller. Software components andobjects may encapsulate for example code or executables of algorithmsnecessary for converting or encoding an image or document description orlanguage into print data or output data compatible with a specificoutput device. The output manager may manage the process of uploadingdata and or software components from an output controller to aninformation apparatus in order to, for example, enable the informationapparatus to generate and transmit print data or output data accuratelyto the output device or the output controller.

Output data (or print data in the case where the output device is aprinter) may be specific data, instructions, page description language,markup language, graphics and or image file format among others. Printdata may also be encoded or compressed with one or more compression orencoding techniques. Furthermore, print data may use one or more openstandards or one or more proprietary techniques and formats, or acombination. Output data (or print data for printers) refers to theelectronic data sent from an information apparatus to the output device.

One implementation of a digital content output process of this inventionincludes the following steps.

1. A user requests to print a digital content from his/her informationapparatus.2. The information apparatus detects available output devices by adiscovery process.3. The information apparatus exchanges service information with outputcontrollers associated with the available output devices in a servicenegotiation process. The user may then select one or more output devicesbased on the service information provided.4. The information apparatus communicates with output controller toidentify and upload the necessary components to enable output to aspecific output device as part of a synchronization process. Theuploaded components or data may then be installed or configured in theinformation apparatus.5. The digital content intended for output is processed by one or morecomponents to be compatible with the output device. The one or morecomponents include the information apparatus with an output manager, anoutput controller and the output device.6. The printer engine or display engine or audio engine generates finaloutput.

In the output process of present invention, an output manager residingin the information apparatus may participate in, coordinate and managethe communication and exchange of information/components between itshost information apparatus and output controllers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an output system that can implement theprocess and apparatus of the present invention.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are block diagrams illustrating exemplary configurationsof hardware components of wireless communication units.

FIG. 3A-3C illustrates various configurations and implementations ofoutput manager with respect to an information apparatus.

FIGS. 4A-4F illustrate various configurations and implementations ofoutput controller with respect to a printer or output device.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a pervasive output process of the presentinvention.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of an exemplary implementation of servicenegotiation process optionally included in the output process of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of different possible configuration of printjob process included in the output process of FIG. 5.

FIGS. 8A-8G show a series of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) renderedat different times on a display screen of an information apparatus.

FIG. 9A-9B is a block diagram of a conventional printing system orprinter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components of anelectronic communication system that may provide an operatingenvironment for the present invention and includes an informationapparatus 100, which is a computing device with processing capability.As illustrated in FIG. 1, examples of information apparatus 100 mayinclude, but are not limited to, a desktop personal computer (PC),laptop computer, palmtop computer, handheld or mobile device, personaldigital assistant (PDA), smart phone, screen phone, set-top box, e-book,Internet pad, digital camera, Internet appliance, pager, etc.

Information apparatus 100 may contain components (not shown) such as aprocessing unit, a memory unit, a storage unit and an input/outputcontrol unit, as are known in the art. Information apparatus 100 mayalso contain an interface (not shown) for interactions with users. Theinterface may be implemented in software or hardware or a combination.Examples of such an interface include, without limitation, a mouse, akeyboard, a touch-sensitive or non-touch-sensitive screen, one or morepush buttons, soft keys, a stylus, a speaker, a microphone, etc.

An information apparatus 100 may be a dedicated single task device (e.g.email terminal, web terminal, e-book, etc) or a general-purposecomputing device with multiple features and functions. These multiplefunctions and features may be implemented by one or more softwareapplications (e.g., applications 302, FIG. 3) installed in theinformation apparatus 100, which may or may not include an operatingsystem. A digital camera 112 equipped with processing capability andfeature sets of the present invention is also an example of aninformation apparatus 100.

Some information apparatuses 100 (e.g., dedicated devices) may bepre-configured by manufacturers with fixed functionalities and features.Other information apparatuses 100 may allow users to install additionalhardware components and application software (e.g., applications 302,FIG. 3) to expand or change functionality. Examples of functionalitiesand applications of information apparatuses 100 may include, forexample, e-mail, messaging, voice communication, web browsing, imageacquisition, text processing, graphics applications, document or imageediting, and output functionalities, among others.

Functionalities and feature sets of an information apparatus 100 may beimplemented in software or hardware or a combination of both. Whenfeatures are implemented in software, this software may be installed bythe manufacturer or by users. Application software may be implementedusing embedded software running on embedded processors or it may run ona specific operating system. Some or all or combinations of applicationsand feature sets may also be implemented in hardware or in silicon. Somefunctionality or feature sets may be implemented in special chip setsand may include one or more or combinations of, for example,application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmablegate arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), systems on achip, firmwares, etc.

Information apparatus 100 may or may not contain an operating system. Inan implementation having an operating system, the operating system mayprovide a variety of application programming interfaces (APIs) or objectmodels (e.g., APIs 300, FIG. 3) for software applications to interfaceand communicate with device drivers. Device drivers in an informationapparatus 100 control and communicate with peripheral devices such asprinters, copiers, fax machines, display monitors, screens, etc. Severaldifferent applications can share a common device driver through the useof APIs or interfaces or object models provided by an operating system,as described below with reference to FIG. 3A. In implementations havingno operating system or an operating system that does not support orprovide a device driver API, each application may have to implement itsown device driver or its own output and communication capability, asdescribed below with reference to FIGS. 3B and 3C. For example, tooutput a digital document to a printer, each application may have toimplement its own printer-specific driving, processing and/orcommunication capability.

In one implementation, information apparatus 100 includes an outputmanager 308 (FIGS. 3A-3C), which is typically implemented in software.Output manager 308 may be implemented or included in a clientapplication, or as a stand-alone application, or as part of anotherapplication software 302B (FIG. 3B), or in the form of a device driver(e.g., a printer driver, in case of a printer being the output device),which may be invoked, shared and used by one or more applicationsoftware programs 302 (FIGS. 3A-3C).

One task for output manager 308 is to manage and coordinatecommunication between information apparatus 100 and one or more outputcontrollers 120. Output manager 308 may, for example, implement anopen-standard or a proprietary communication protocol to directly orindirectly interact with, manage, or utilize functionalities provided byhardware components residing in a host information apparatus 100. Suchhardware components may include, for example, a processing unit, amemory unit and communication chipsets (not shown). Output manager 308may include one or more of the following features and functionalities:

Output manager 308 may communicate and interact with one or moresoftware applications 302 included in a host information apparatus 100to provide pervasive output capability or feature to those softwareapplications 302. The type of information passed from the softwareapplications 302 to the output manager 308 may be, for example, adigital document or digital content data that needs output. In someinstances, application software 302 may invoke or launch the outputmanager 308 as a separate application (as shown in FIG. 3C) or as anintegrated part of the application software (as shown in FIG. 3B).Examples of possible communication and management between output manager308 and application software 302 may include, among others, messages,objects models, instances, procedural calls, program invocation andAPIs, which may or may not be provided by an operating system.

Output manager 308 may manage and maintain wired or wirelesscommunications with output controller 120. Output manager 308 mayinteract with functionalities implemented by hardware components of itshost information apparatus 100. As an example, the output manager 308may manage and interact with the communication unit in the informationapparatus 100. FIGS. 2A and 2B show an example of communication unitsusing wireless adapters, as described below in greater detail. A usermay interact with the output manager 308 through a user interfaceprovided by output manager 308 through the host information apparatus100.

Output manager 308 may help discover available output devices 140,verify communication connections, identify devices available orcompatible for service, or send or broadcast service requests to one ormore devices.

Output manager 308 may communicate with output controller 120 toidentify necessary software components, data, or any other devicedependent information or parameters, if any, that need to be uploadedfrom the output controller 120 to the host information apparatus 100 toenable pervasive output. Software components may be, for example, adevice driver, an application, a special code or algorithm, anexecutable object or device dependent data, parameter, information, etc.

Output manager 308 may coordinate with output controller 120 to uploadthe necessary components or data from the output controller 120 to itshost information apparatus 100 so that the user can output digitalcontent pervasively to that output controller 120 or its associatedoutput device 140.

Output manager 308 may perform raster image processing operations (e.g.rasterization, color management, half-toning operations) or convertdigital content from its original format into print data compatible forinput to a specific output controller 120 or output device 140. Thedigital content may be created, stored or received by the informationapparatus 100. For example, an output manager 308 may convert digitaldocument information from a certain format or language into a specificprint data or intermediate format or language such as PostScript, PCL,EMF, XML, TIFF, JPEG, RTL, among others, for output.

Output manager 308 may coordinate or manage the communication between ahost information apparatus 100 and output controller 120 to send ortransmit the print data to the output controller 120.

Output Controller 120

An output controller 120 may be implemented as software or hardware andmay be connected to or integrated within an output device 140. Outputcontrollers 120H illustrate hardware implementations in the form of acircuit board or card that is installed or integrated into an outputdevice 140, such as a printer, copiers, fax machine, display screenamong others. In another configuration (not shown), output controller120 may be implemented as a software application or component that isinstalled or integrated into an output device 140. Output controller120G illustrates a hardware implementation in the form of an externalcomponent or “box” that is separately connected to one or more outputdevices 140.

Whether externally connected to or internally installed in output device140, output controller 120 may be implemented with hardware, software,or both, that perform the feature sets and functionalities of the outputcontroller 120 described herein. In the case of output device 140 beinga printer, output controller 120 can also sometimes be called a printerserver. Exemplary configurations and implementations of outputcontroller 120 are described below with reference to FIG. 4.

As one example, output controller 120 may be implemented as a computerconnected to one or more output devices 140. For example, a conventionalPC, workstation or server may serve the purpose of an output controller120. In this case, the functionalities of output controller 120 may beimplemented using application software installed in the computer (PC,server, or workstation), with the computer connected to the outputdevice 140.

An output controller 120 installed or connected to an output device 140,such as a printer, enables the output device 140 to communicate andnegotiate services with information apparatus 100. In oneimplementation, an information apparatus 100 may communicate with anoutput controller 120 connected to a printer or an output controller 120internally installed within a printer to obtain device dependent data orsoftware components such as device specific printer driver. Anapplication such as an output manager 308 residing in the informationapparatus 100 may install and configure the uploaded components or data,allowing information apparatus 100 to print to that printer directly. Anexample of an output process is described below with reference to FIG.5.

Functionalities and feature sets of output controller 120 may includeone or more of the following:

Provide service to clients—Output controller 120 may actively search foravailable clients, including information apparatus 100 or output manager308 or other communication units, to which clients' output service couldbe provided. Alternatively or in combination, an output controller 120may passively wait to be discovered by one or more clients, includinginformation apparatus 100, to provide output service to the client orclients.

Negotiation of services with information apparatus 100—Output controller120 may communicate and exchange information with information apparatus100 as part of negotiating the output services to be provided. As anexample, in communication with an information apparatus 100, an outputcontroller 120 may inform the information apparatus 100 of the make,model, identification, version, type of input language, type of devicedriver software, type of services provided, type of components availablefor upload, etc. for a selected output device 140 such as a printer. Asanother example, an information apparatus 100 may send one or moremessages to an output controller 120 inquiring about what softwarecomponent or data, if any, the information apparatus 100 needs to uploadfrom the output controller 120 to enable output to a specific outputdevice 140.

Provide security functionalities such as authentication andencryption—Authentication is used to prevent unwanted access toservices, while encryption is used to prevent eavesdropping. Securityprocedures may be implemented by software, hardware or a combination ofboth, in various steps and stages of communication between the outputcontroller 120 or the output device 140 and the information apparatus100.

Payment or transaction management and services—A user may be charged aservice fee when, for example, providing output to a printer 140 orother output device 140. Output controller 120 may have the ability tocalculate and process payment according to the services requested by orrendered to a client. Output controller 120 may process payments invarious forms such as cash, E-cash, credit card, debit card, E-card,smart card, virtual cash, etc.

Storage capability—Output controller 120 may include a memory or storageunit and may store within it one or more of the following: applicationsoftware, device or printer driver, software components, devicedependent data or parameters, user interfaces, etc. Software componentsor data stored in the output device 140 or the output controller 120 maybe uploaded to the information apparatus 100 in order for theinformation apparatus 100 or the output manager 308 to drive the outputdevice 140. Software components may be executable or partiallyexecutable programs or data.

Synchronize with information apparatus 100—After output controller 120or the output manager 308 in information apparatus 100 identifies thecomponents (software component, data, information or parameters)necessary to enable output or printing, the output controller 120 maycoordinate with the output manager 308 to upload to the informationapparatus 100 the components stored in a memory or storage unit ofoutput controller 120.

Provide management tools—Multiple information apparatuses 100 mayrequest service from the same output device 140 at the same time or atoverlapping times. Management tools such as queuing and spooling ofprint jobs, quality of service, etc. may be provided by the outputcontroller 120.

As indicated above, output controller 120 may be implemented in avariety of ways and may include hardware, software, or a combination ofthe two. In hardware implementations, for example, output controller 120may include components using one or more of hardware types such as ASIC,DSP, FPGA, firmware, system on a chip, and communication chip set.Output controller 120 may also include embedded processors with softwarecomponents or embedded application software to implement its featuresets, and functionalities. An output controller 120 may or may notcontain an operating system.

Output controller 120 typically includes a memory or storage unit (ROM,RAM, flash memory, disk drive—not shown), which may store one or moresoftware applications, software components and data. Some softwareapplications may run in the output controller 120 to perform itsfunctionalities (e.g., communicate with information apparatus 100).

The memory or storage unit of an output controller 120 may also storedata and one or more software components that may be available to beuploaded to or synchronized with an information apparatus 100 duringcommunication with output manager 308. A software component may be adevice driver or complete application software that can run on theinformation apparatus 100. Once such a software component is uploadedand installed, the information apparatus 100 can drive or output to thatspecific output device 140.

A software component may also be a partial device driver or partialapplication software or partial software component. A software componentmay be an executable or partially executable program, object or code.Software components may encapsulate information, algorithms, and data.Examples (of algorithms that may be included in the software componentsinclude compression/decompression methods, file conversion, graphicsrepresentation and rendering, image processing and enhancementoperations, color space transformation and data conversion,encoding/decoding techniques, color matching and management methods,image transformation, interpolation methods halftoning techniques, userinterface software codes etc. Examples of data that may be included insoftware components include, for example, a color table, color spaceinformation, halftoning tables, output device type, output resolution,bit depth, input type, format or language, communication protocol type,output status, device identification and signature, graphics, image andtext descriptions etc.

Such software components may be uploaded to output manager 308 tofacilitate communication and generation of print data or output datasuitable, compatible or optimized for the output controller 120 or theoutput device 140. The output controller 120 and output manager 308manage and negotiate the proper components to be uploaded to theinformation apparatus 100.

Not all situations require uploading an entire or complete driver orapplication to output manager 308 or information apparatus 100. In someimplementations uploading only a software component may be sufficient.For example, there are many inkjet printers that commonly use one-bit ormulti-bit CMYK printing technology, and sometimes have similarresolutions. An information apparatus 100 may pre-install a more genericprinter driver, where this printer driver contains the deviceindependent portion of the software code, algorithms, and data that iscommon or can be used for this entire class of printers.Device-independent code may include, for example, a rasterizationprocess (including half-toning and color management methods) and imageenhancement of the digital document that is suitable for use with thisentire class of printers. In this example, it is feasible to upload onlya smaller software component or data that includes the device-dependentcomponents for a particular printer or output device 140. Thedevice-dependent portion or component or data may include, but is notlimited to, color tables, halftoning tables, output resolution, bitdepth, compression/decompression methods, color space conversion,encoding algorithms or conversion software that is specific to thatprinter or output device 140.

Another example of a software component stored in the memory unit of anoutput controller 120 for uploading to an information apparatus 100 isan installation wizard or a user interface to capture a user'spreferences for printing or output operation. Examples of userpreferences in the case of printing may include, without limitation,color and print quality parameter adjustments, number of copies, numberof cards per page, number of pages per sheet, duplex, portrait orlandscape, security information, etc.

Once the software components or data are uploaded or installed ininformation apparatus 100, the information apparatus 100 can drive oroutput to the output device 140. For example, an application 302 in theinformation apparatus 100 can print a digital document or image to aprinter.

Different information apparatuses 100 may require different softwarecomponents to be uploaded in order to drive a specific output device140. Accordingly, a variety of software components and data or devicedrivers for a plurality of information apparatuses 100, operatingsystems, and platform types may be stored in the memory or storagecomponents of an output controller 120.

Output controller 120 may contain an embedded operating system to manageits applications. With an operating system, some or all functionalitiesand feature sets of the output controller 120 may be implemented asapplication software. Additional application software may be installedor upgraded to newer versions in order to, for example, provideadditional functionalities or bug fixes.

Output controller 120 may contain a user interface that allows a user toconfigure and manage the functions provided by the output controller120. The user interface of the output controller 120 maybe accomplishedby, for example, using display screens, soft keys, pushbuttons, mouse,stylus and keypads to allow users to interact with and manage thefunctions provided by the output controller 120. Examples of suchfunctions may include any or all of an on-off power switch, statusdisplay or indicator, cancel current job, or reorder existing jobs, etc.

Output controller 120 typically also includes a communication or adapterunit, which allows output controller 120 to communicate with otherdevices including information apparatus 100 through wired or wirelessconnections. Exemplary configurations of wireless adapter orcommunication unit are described below with reference to FIG. 2.

When output controller 120 is implemented as firmware, or an embeddedapplication, the configuration and management of the functionalities ofoutput controller 120 may be optionally accomplished by, for example,using controller management software in a host computer (not shown). Ahost computer may be a desktop personal computer (PC), workstation, orserver. The host computer may be connected locally or through a networkto the output device 140 or controller 120. Communication between thehost computer and output controller 120 can be accomplished throughwired or wireless communication. The management application software inthe host computer can manage the settings, configurations, and featuresets of the output controller 120. Furthermore, a host computerconfiguration application may download or install application software,software components or data in the output controller 120 for the purposeof upgrading, updating, and or modifying the features and capabilitiesof the output controller 120.

Output device 140 in one implementation includes or is connected tooutput controller 120 described above. Therefore, functionalities andfeature sets provided by output controller 120 are automaticallyincluded as part of the functionalities of output device 140. The outputdevice 140 may, however, implement or include other controllers orapplications that provide at least partially the features andfunctionalities of the output controller 120.

Therefore, the output device 140 may include some or all of thefunctionalities and feature sets provided by the output controller 120.

Output Device 140

Output device 140 is an electronic system capable of outputting digitalcontent regardless of whether the output medium is a substrate (e.g.,paper), a display image, a projection, or sound. A typical example ofoutput device 140 may be a printer, which outputs digital documentscontaining text, graphics, images or any combination onto a substrate.Output device 140 may also be a display device capable of displayingstill images or video, such as, without limitation, televisions,monitors, and projectors. Output device 140 can also be a device capableof outputting sound. Any device capable of playing or reading digitalcontent in audio (e.g., music) or data (e.g., text or document) formatsis also a possible output device 140. A printer (including a faxmachine, copier, etc.) is frequently referred to herein as the exemplaryoutput device 140. However, it should be recognized that the presentinvention applies as well to output devices 140 other than printers.

FIG. 9A is a block diagram of a conventional printing system or printer900A having three basic components: raster image processor (RIP) 902, amemory buffer 904, and a marking engine 906. Raster image processor 902converts digital content into a bitmap suitable for printing; memorybuffer 904 holds the rasterized image ready for printing; and markingengine 906 transfers colorant to a substrate (e.g., paper).

Marking engine 906 may use any of a variety of different technologies totransform a rasterized image to paper or other media or, in other words,to transfer colorant to a substrate. The different marking or printingtechnologies that may be used include both impact and non-impactprinting. Examples of impact printing may include dot matrix, Teletype,daisywheel, etc. Non-impact printing technologies may include inkjet,laser, electrostatic, thermal, dye sublimation, etc.

Marking engine 906 and memory buffer 904 of a printer 900 form itsprinter engine 908, which may also include additional circuitry andcomponents, such as firmware, software and or chips or chipsets fordecoding and signal conversion etc. (not shown). Input to a printerengine 908 is usually a final rasterized print data generated by theraster image processor 902. Such input is usually device dependent andprinter specific. The printer engine 908 may take this device dependentinput and generate output pages.

Raster image processor (RIP) 902 may be located within the printingdevice itself (as shown in FIG. 10A) or externally implemented ashardware, software, or a combination. As an example, RIP may beimplemented in a software application or device driver in theinformation apparatus. A RIP may also reside within a printercontroller, a print server or an output controller of present invention.Examples of raster image processing operations may include image andgraphics interpretation, rasterization, segmentation, color spacetransformation, image enhancement, color correction, halftoning etc.

When a RIP 902 is located inside an output device 140, the RIP 902 isusually included in a printer controller 910 that may, for example,interpret, convert and/or rasterize input print data into a finalformat, language or instructions that printer engine 908 can understand.A laser printer with a faster printing speed is an example that falls inthis category. For example, a PostScript printer controller 910 maycontain a postscript interpreter (not shown) and a raster imageprocessor 902 (RIP). Postscript interpreter interpret the postscriptlanguage and the raster image processor 902 may process the digitaldocument and converting it to a printer specific format, language orinstructions that can be accepted by the printer engine 908. In thisexample, a device-dependent printer driver (e.g., a Postscript driver,not shown) may be needed in the information apparatus 100 to convertdigital document from its original format into print data (e.g. inPostScript) that is acceptable to the printer controller 910.

Another example of page description language is PCL (Printer CommandLanguage) from HP (Hewlett Packard). In the same way as postscript, aprinter equipped with PCL printer controller 910 can take PCL as input.Information apparatus 100 usually needs to have PCL printer driver inorder to drive or print to a printer equipped with a PCL controller.

Although the illustrations above use PostScript and PCL as examples, avariety of other page description languages, markup languages, imageformats, graphics formats, and file formats may also be used as inputprint data 920 to a printer 900 or output device 140. Examples ofpossible inputs other than PostScript and PCL may include withoutlimitation, EMF, XML, HTML, among many others. Some printermanufacturers may also use a combination of proprietary ornon-proprietary page description languages, markup languages, fileformats, graphics and image formats, color spaces, metafiles, encoding,decoding, compression or decompression etc. for the print data 920.Print data 920 sent to printers with printer controllers 910 are usuallyintermediate descriptions of a digital document that may require furtherinterpretation, processing and/or conversion before it can be send aprinter engine for output. A printer controller 910 may interpret andprocess the input intermediate print data information into the finalformat that can be understood by the printer engine 908. Regardless ofthe type of print data 920, users usually have to pre-install adevice-specific driver in their information apparatus 100 in order tooutput the proper language, format, or file that can be accepted by aspecific printer 140.

Some output devices 900B do not have a printer controller 910 as shownin FIG. 9B. A typical example is a lower-cost inkjet printer. RIP inthis example may be implemented in a software application 302 or devicedriver or output manager 308 of present invention in the informationapparatus 100. Therefore, the rasterization process may occur in theinformation apparatus 100 that outputs to such a printer. Adevice-specific driver or application may need to reside in theinformation apparatus 100 to rasterize and convert the digital documentfrom its original format into final print data 920B (e.g., compressedCMKY data with one or more bits per pixel) that can be understood by aparticular printer engine 908B.

In present invention, for the printer 900B, RIP can be integrated withinthe output manager 308 or application software 302 in the informationapparatus 100. Alternatively, RIP may also be integrated as a part or afunction of any one of output controllers as shown in configurations120D, 120E, and 120F.

The output controller 120 may be connected externally to an outputdevice 140 or integrated internally into the output device 140. If anoutput device 140 such as a printer already includes a printercontroller 910, the output controller 120 may be implemented serially orcascaded with the printer controller 910 as two separate controllers.Alternatively, output controller 120 can be integrated with a printercontroller to become a “combined controller” 120C. A combined controller(e.g., 120 C or 120F) has functionalities of both printer controller 910(e.g., input interpretation and or raster image processing) and outputcontroller 120 of the present invention. Other configurations andimplementations of output controller 120 and printer controller 910 arealso possible. The various possible configurations and implementationsof output controller are described below with reference to FIG. 4.

Communication Unit

Communication links 150 and 160 between information apparatus 100 withan output controller 120, whether externally connected and or internallyintegrated, may be variously implemented. In one implementation,information apparatus 100 communicates with output controller 120through wireless connections such as infrared or radio links. Examplesof wireless connections technology include without limitation IrDA, homeRF, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11, HiperLan2, among others. However, wiredconnections such as serial interfaces, parallel interfaces, USBinterfaces, Fire Wire (IEEE 1394), Ethernet and token ring network amongothers may also be implemented in the present invention. Adapter pairsmay be incorporated into each communicating node (e.g., informationapparatus 100 and output controller 120) to conduct communications byperforming signal conversions.

In the case that output controller 120 is installed as an externalcomponent or “box” (as shown in FIG. 4A), the communication link 170between output controller 120 and output device 140 may also beimplemented using wired or wireless adapters.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are block diagrams illustrating two exemplaryconfigurations and implementations of wireless communication adaptersthat may be included in an information apparatus 100, output controller120 or output device 140. Referring to FIG. 2A, a radio adapter 200 maybe implemented to enable data/voice transmission among devices throughradio links. A RF transceiver 214 coupled with antenna 216 is used toreceive and transmit radio frequency signals. The RF transceiver 214also converts radio signals into and from electronic signals. The RFtransceiver 214 is connected to a RF link controller 210 by an interface212. The interface 212 may perform functions such as analog-to-digitalconversion, digital-to-analog conversion, modulation/demodulation andother data conversion functions.

RF link controller 210 implements real-time lower layer (e.g., physicallayer) protocol processing that enables the hosts (e.g., informationapparatus 100, output controller 120, output device 140, etc.) tocommunicate over a radio link. Functions performed by the linkcontroller 210 may include, without limitation, errordetection/correction, power control, data packet processing, dataencryption/decryption and other data processing functions.

A variety of radio links may be utilized, including a group of competingtechnologies operating in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed frequency band. Thisgroup currently includes Bluetooth, Home radio frequency (Home RF) andimplementations based on the IEEE 802.11 standard. Each of thesetechnologies has a different set of protocols and they all providesolutions for wireless local area networks (LANs). Interference amongthese technologies could limit deployment of these protocolssimultaneously. It is anticipated that new local area wirelesstechnologies may emerge or that the existing ones may converge.Nevertheless, all theses existing and future wireless technologies maybe implemented in the present invention to transmit data betweendifferent devices without limitation and therefore in no way depart fromthe scope of present invention.

Among the current available wireless technologies, Bluetooth requiresrelatively lower power consumption. Bluetooth has its own protocol stackand is designed for short range (10 meters), point-to-multipoint voiceand data transfer. It is based on a frequency-hopping version of spreadspectrum. Seventy-nine hop frequencies are utilized beginning at thelowest frequency of 2402 MHz and each of the 79 hop frequencies is 1 MHzabove the next lower frequency. Bluetooth-enabled devices operate inpiconets, in which several devices, using the same hopping pattern orsequence, are connected in a point-to-multipoint system (piconet). Onedevice (master) in each piconet determines how the bandwidth isallocated to other devices (slaves). As many as 10 piconets of 8 deviceseach can operate simultaneously.

Referring to FIG. 2B, infrared (IR) adapters 220 may be implemented toenable data transmission among devices through infrared transmission.The IR adapters 220 may be conveniently implemented in accordance withthe Infrared Data Association (IrDA) standards and specifications. Ingeneral, the IrDA standard is used to provide wireless connectivitytechnologies for devices that would normally use cables for connection.The IrDA standard is a point-to-point (vs. point-to-multipoint as inBluetooth), narrow angle, ad-hoc data transmission standard designed tooperate over a distance of 0 to 1 meter and at speeds up to 4 Mbps.

Configuration of infrared adapters 220 may vary depending on theintended rate of data transfer. FIG. 2B illustrates one embodiment ofinfrared adapter 220. Transceiver 226 receives/emits IR signals andconverts IR signals to/from electrical signals. A UART (universalasynchronous receiver/transmitter) 222 performs the function ofserialization/deserialization, converting serial data stream to/fromdata bytes. The UART 222 is connected to the IR transceiver 226 byencoder/decoder (ENDEC) 224. This configuration is generally suitablefor transferring data at relatively low rate, for example 115.2 kbps orbelow. Other components (e.g. packet framer, phase-locked loop) may beneeded for higher data transfer rates.

FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate exemplary configurations of wirelessadapters. Such adapters are implemented into devices (e.g., informationapparatus 100, output controller 120, output device 140, etc.) to enablewireless communications among/between them. Wired links, however, suchas parallel interface, USB, firewire interface, Ethernet and token ringnetworks may also be implemented in the present invention by usingappropriate adapters and configurations.

Different Output Manager Configurations and Processes

FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate different implementations of output manager 308.FIG. 3A shows an exemplary configuration of output manager 308 in whichits host information apparatus 100 includes an operating system. Suchinformation apparatuses 100 may include, without limitation, desktop PC,laptop PC and handheld or palmtop computer, among others. The operatingsystem provides API's or object models 300 for software applications 302to interface and communicate with various device management applicationssometimes called device drivers. Output manager 308 in this case may becharacterized as one of the device management applications or devicedrivers. Different software applications 302A can share the same outputmanager 308 through the use of API's 300 provided by an operatingsystem.

As shown in FIG. 3A, email application 302 A1, document creationapplication 302 A2 and Internet browsing application 302 A3 (referred togenerally or together as application software 302) may operate on top ofor through an operating system included in the information apparatus100. The operating system provides or supports API's or object models300 for these software applications 302 to communicate with and accessutilities and services provided by output manager 308. Applicationsoftware 302 and output manager 308 may communicate with each otherthrough a variety of means using for example file transfer, metafile,messages, instances, procedural calls, etc., which may or may not beprovided by the operating system or its API's or object models 300. Theoutput manager 308 communicates and synchronizes with output controller120 to enable pervasive output. Therefore, a user may output digitalcontents from any of these software applications 302 (email, documentcreation, Internet browsing, etc.) to an output device 140 equipped withor connected to output controller 120.

It should be recognized that the three software applications302(1)-302(3) illustrated in FIG. 3 are merely examples of applicationsthat may be included in the information apparatus 100. Various othersoftware applications 302 (e.g., messaging, digital imaging, graphics,video, audio, etc.) may also exist in the same information apparatus 100and they may all access the utilities provided by the output manager308. It should also be recognized that other device managementapplications or drivers might also be included in the informationapparatus 100. These device management applications or drivers may beimplemented in the same way as output manager 308 so that they can beaccessed by other software applications supported by the operatingsystem.

FIGS. 3B and 3C illustrate exemplary configurations of output manager308 when information apparatus 100 includes, respectively, no operatingsystem or a less capable operating system that does not provide API's orobject models 300 for software application 302 interactions. Examples ofsuch an information apparatus 100 may include, without limitation, PDA,smart phone, pager, Internet pad, email terminal, digital and videocameras, ebook and other dedicated devices etc. In this case, eachsoftware application 302 in the information apparatus 100 provides orimplements the capabilities to enable pervasive output. As shown in FIG.3B, each software application 302 B1-302 B3 integrates output manager308 or includes the features of output manager 308 to enable pervasiveoutput. It should be recognized that, even in an environment where thereis a complete operating system, application software 302 can stilldecide to implement its own output or device management capabilities (asshown in FIG. 3B) and not depend or use the functionalities or API's orobject models 300 provided by an operating system to facilitate accessof output manager as a separate application.

Instead of integrating the output manager 308 into application software302, an alternative implementation is shown in FIG. 3C. The softwareapplications 302 C1-302 C3 may establish direct links with the outputmanager 308, which may be used as a helper program that can be invokedor launched by each software application 302 as needed.

The communication and exchange of information between output manager 308and other software applications 302 can be accomplished by one or moreof many available techniques, such as passing, transferring orexchanging objects, messages, procedural calls, files, metafiles, etc.Some of these techniques may be facilitated by a set of APIs or objectmodels provided by the application software 302 or output manager 308 orthe operating system. The exact technique may depend for example on thetype of application, platform, language, and developer preference etc.This may be easily implemented and recognized by an average softwareengineer skilled in the art.

The above are merely exemplary implementations of output manager 308.Due to the diversity of feature sets and capabilities of operatingsystems, other implementations of output manager 308 are also possible.As an example, some operating systems may provide partial APIs or objectmodels to support limited output capability. In this case, softwareapplications 302 may rely on the limited output capacity to interactwith device management applications, or the software applications 302can implement or incorporate partially other desired output features ofthe output manager 308 using the configurations or combination ofconfiguration illustrated in FIG. 3B or 3C.

Different Output Controller Configurations and Processes

FIGS. 4A-4F illustrate various alternative configurations andimplementations of output controller 120. As described above, a printer900A (FIG. 9) may include within it a RIP 902 or printer controller 910.Such printer 900A is usually more powerful and therefore more expensivethan printers without these features. One example of such printer 900Ais high-speed laser printer. Output controller 120 may be variouslyimplemented in printers regardless of whether they include a printercontroller.

FIG. 4A shows that output controller 120 may be cascaded externally toone or more printers (only one shown). Information apparatus 100communicates with output controller 120A, which then communicates withoutput device such as a printer 104A. The communication link between theoutput controller 120A and the printer 140A may be a wired link or awireless link, as described above.

FIG. 4B shows another implementation in which output controller 120B isinstalled as one or more circuit boards or cards internally insideprinter 140B. The output controller 120B may co-exist with printercontroller and other components of the printer 140B. One example of thisimplementation is to connect output controller 120B sequentially withthe printer controller.

FIG. 4C show a third implementation in which the functionalities ofoutput controller 120 and printer controller 910 are combined into asingle controller (—referred to as “combined controller”) 120C. Thecombined controller 120C is a more capable controller. In thisimplementation, it is possible to reduce the cost of material whencompared to implementing two separate controllers as shown in FIG. 4B.As an example, the combined controller 120C may share the sameprocessors, memories, and storages to run the applications andfunctionalities of the two types of controllers and therefore, may havelower component costs when compared to providing two separatecontrollers.

Some printers do not include a raster image processor or printercontroller 910, as illustrated in FIG. 9B, and as a result are usuallyless expensive. An example of this type of printer is a low-cost desktopinkjet printer. This type of printer may use a proprietary or publishedinput format. For example, the input to an inkjet printer may consist ofspecific proprietary compressed CMYK data with one or more bits perpixel input. Application software 302 or printer drivers included ininformation apparatus 100 usually perform raster image processing. It istherefore necessary that the proper device driver or applicationsoftware runs the raster image processing on an information apparatus100 before printing. Accordingly, output controller 120 may beimplemented into a variety of printing systems, including printerswithout capable or complete printer controllers for performing rasterimage processing functions.

FIG. 4D shows as a fourth implementation of output controller 120D thatis installed in an external component or “box,” which is connected to aprinter 140D that does not include a printer controller or raster imageprocessor. In this configuration, an application software 302 or devicedriver 308 in information apparatus 100 would typically perform therasterization function. However, some or all operations of raster imageprocessing may also be implemented in the output controller 120D. Anyprint data sent to the printer 140D from the output controller 120D ispreferred to be in a final format that can be understood and processedby the printer engine of the printer 140D. As in other examples,connection between output controller 120D and output device 140D can bewired or wireless. Connection between information apparatus 100 andoutput controller 120D is preferred to be wireless, for example.

FIG. 4E shows as a fifth implementation of an output controller 120Ethat is incorporated within printer 140E as one or more circuit boardsor cards and may contain software and applications running on anembedded processor. As with printer 140D (FIG. 4D), printer 140E doesnot include a printer controller or raster image processing capability.Accordingly, information apparatus 100 would typically performrasterization functions in this implementation. However, raster imageprocessing could alternatively be provided completely or partially byoutput controller 120E, for example, to speed up raster image processingoperations for an information apparatus 100 having limited processingand memory capabilities.

FIG. 4F shows a sixth implementation, a combined controller 120F thatintegrates the functionalities of a printer controller and an outputcontroller into a single external combined controller component or “box”120F. The two controller functions may share a common processor as wellas a common memory space to run applications of the two types ofcontrollers. Under this configuration, either information apparatus 100or the combined controller 120F could perform or share raster imageprocessing functionality. One exemplary implementation of the combinedcontroller 120F shown in FIG. 4F is to use an external computing device(PC, workstation, or server) running one or more applications thatincludes the functionality of output controller 120 and printercontroller 910.

The above are exemplary implementations of output controller 120, butother implementations are also possible. For example, partialfunctionalities of output controller 120 may be implemented in anexternal “box” while the remaining functionalities may reside within anoutput device 140 as a separate circuit board or integrated with aprinter controller. As another example, the functionalities of outputcontroller 120 may be implemented into a plurality of external boxesconnected to the same output device 140. As a further example, the sameoutput controller 120 may be connected to and service multiple outputdevices 140.

FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of output process using a printer asprimary output device 140. It should be recognized, however, thefollowing described process can be similarly applied to other outputdevices 140 such as fax machines, digital copiers, display screens,monitors, TVs, voice output devices, etc

Step 500 indicates that a user initiates output from an informationapparatus 100. For example, a user may want to print or otherwise outputan email, receipt, confirmation, map, photo, graphics, web page, one ormore slides of a PowerPoint®-brand presentation, or any other documentor digital content from an information apparatus 100. The output may beinitiated by various means, such as by using a soft key, push button,keyboard, keypad, mouse, stylus, software GUI, command or voiceactivated command, etc. An exemplary user interface with which a usermay initiate such a process from an information apparatus 100 isdescribed below with reference to FIG. 8. Step 500 and one or more othersteps of output process, shown in FIG. 5, may be implemented by anoutput manager 308 residing in a user's information apparatus 100.

Step 502 references a discovery process in which, for example,information apparatus 100 searches for available output devices 140,including display devices, printers, copiers or fax machines amongothers (collectively refer to as “printers” here for simplicity ofdiscussion), that can perform a requested output or print job. Theoutput manager 308 residing in the information apparatus 100 mayparticipate in, coordinate and manage the discovery process 502. As partof discovery process 502, information apparatus 100 may communicate viaa wired or wireless connection with output controllers 120 that areconnected to or included in output devices 140.

In some situations, the discovery process 502, or part of it, may beskipped. For example, discovery process 502 may be skipped if a useralready knows the output device or printer to which output is to bedirected. As another example, a user may set a frequently used printeras a preferred default printer so that discovery process 502 may bepartly skipped if the default printer is found to be available. Otherexamples in which discovery process 502 may be optional or partlyskipped involve direct wire line connections or infrared communications.In these cases, a user may directly connect or physically point aninformation apparatus 100 to a specific output device 140 so that itcould be sufficient only to check the connection and establishcommunication between the devices.

Discovery process 502 may operate in a variety of scenarios. In onescenario, information apparatus 100 broadcasts a service request, forexample printing, through wired or wireless signals. Service devices,such as output device 140 equipped with output controller 120, “listento” such signals, “read” the request, “see” whether they can providerequested service, and respond if they can provide the requestedservice. Alternatively or in combination, all service devices canperiodically or continuously announce or advertise the services theyprovide. Information apparatus 100 “listens to” such announcements andidentifies the service it needs. In a third scenario, service devices ofthe same network (e.g., LAN) register their services with a controlpoint. A control point is a computing system (e.g. a server, controller)that maintains records on all service devices within the same network.Information apparatus 100 may contact the control point to search forthe service it needs.

Various protocols may be implemented in the discovery process 502.Wireless communication protocols are preferred. Wired communication, onthe other hand, may also be implemented. Examples of applicableprotocols may include, without limitation, Bluetooth, HAVi, Jini,Salutation, Service Location Protocol, and Universal Plug-and-play,among others. Other proprietary protocols or combinations may also beimplemented in the discovery process.

In the discovery process 502, information apparatus 100 may or may notfind an output device 140 available to accept its print or output job.Exemplary factors that may impact the availability of output devices 140may include, without limitation, the following:

Physical distance—Some wireless communication links may imposelimitations on physical distance between communicating devices. Therestrictions on physical distance may vary among different wirelesscommunication technologies. Wired communication, on the other hand, isalso subject to the availability and length of cable or other wiredlines.

Compatibility—The output process with reference to FIG. 5 employscommunication and coordination among various devices such as aninformation apparatus 100 having output manager 308, and outputcontrollers 120 associated with output devices 140. Compatible hardwareand software components may need to reside in each of the communicatingnodes (e.g., information apparatus 100 and output device 140). Anymissing part may cause compatibility problems. Other factors may alsocause lack of compatibility. For example, components stored in thememory unit of output controller 120 may not support the operatingsystem or application software 312 included in the information apparatus100.

Security authentication—Security authentication may be implemented invarious steps of communication, including the discovery step 502.Security authentication may be required for example when an outputservice is restricted to a certain group of users or informationapparatuses. When a user requests service, output device 140 or outputcontroller 120 may process an authentication step by automaticallydetecting the identification or other information provided by the user,output manager 308 or information apparatus 100. As a result of such anauthentication process, the information apparatus 100 of a particularuser may not be able to discover an available output device 140 becauseaccess is not authorized for the user or the apparatus.

User specified search criteria—The user may specify certain searchcriteria for discovery process 502, such as output device model, qualityof service provided, range or price of service charge, etc. Outputdevices 140 not satisfying user criteria or a default profile may not beshown to the user.

Step 506 indicates that the user is notified if no available outputdevice 140 is found in the discovery process 502. The user may benotified by an application such as the output manager 308 through a userinterface of the information apparatus 100. The information apparatus100 may also provide more detailed information such as the reasons whythe requested service is not available. Examples of possible reasons mayinclude, among others: no output device within limited physicaldistance, no compatible hardware or software components, technicaldifficulties, security authentication not satisfied, no subscription tothe service, search criteria not met, etc.

Step 508 indicates that alternatives are provided when a requestedservice is not available at the current moment. The user may be providedwith alternatives such as canceling the service request, trying again,or being notified when the requested service is available or therequested output device 140 is identified or becomes available. As anexample, the user's information apparatus 100 may not detect anyavailable output devices 140 in the current wired/wireless network. Theprint requests are then queued or registered within the informationapparatus 100. When the user enters a new network having availableprinters, or when new compatible printers are added to the currentnetwork or when a printer becomes available for any reason, the userwould be notified of such availability through the information apparatus100. The user may then output the print job to the newly detected or nowavailable printer with, for example, a mere click of a button. Thisdetection and notification function may be implemented by a softwareprogram or as a feature of the output manager 308. This feature may alsobe implemented in hardware or combination of hardware and softwareresiding in the information apparatus 100.

Step 514 indicates that service negotiation is performed, such as whenone or more available printers are discovered in the discovery process502. In service negotiation process 514, information apparatus 100exchanges information with output controllers 120 connected to orinstalled in the available output devices 140. The output manager 308may participate in, coordinate or manage negotiation process 514 withoutput controller 120. Information being exchanged may include, forexample, the following:

Type, make and model of each available output device 140, includinginformation about the printer engine, its technology and specificationsof the output device.

Type and parameters of the output device 140 such as font orinternational character code supported, paper size, resolution, bitdepth, color space, number of colors supported, color or grayscale etc.

Type of service and quality of service provided by each available outputdevice 140.

Conditions under which the services are provided (e.g., service charge,subscription charge) and whether, for example, transaction and servicecharges are satisfied.

Whether the usage or service of each output device 140 is restricted tocertain groups, in which case the user may have to provideauthentication information to be identified as member of such a groupbefore use of that device is allowed.

Type, make and model (including operating system) of the informationapparatus 100.

The type of input format, encoding, language, data, color space, and orcompression that the output controller 120 or other device may take asinput, for example, PostScript, PCL, RTL, XML, etc.

The type of component or data that may need to be uploaded from outputcontroller 120 to information apparatus 100 so as to enable output to aspecific output device.

The information being exchanged may be entered manually by the user ormay be automatically detected and or synchronized between theinformation apparatus 100 and the output controller 120 or it may bepartially assisted by the user or partially automated. Some or all ofthe information being exchanged may be provided to the user through auser interface in the information apparatus 100. The user may monitorthe status or approve certain transactions. One embodiment of theservice negotiation process 514 is described below with reference toFIG. 6. Based on the information provided and obtained in the servicenegotiation process 514, the user may choose one or more output devices140 that can take the print or output job.

Step 516 indicates that a synchronization process is performed once anoutput device 140 has been identified and selected. Beforesynchronization process 516 begins, the information apparatus 100 maycommunicate with the output controller or controllers 120 of theselected output device or devices 140 to identify what components, ifany, need to be uploaded to the information apparatus 100 to enableprinting or other output. This communication between informationapparatus 100 and output controller or controllers 120 may not benecessary if adequate information has been obtained in the discoveryprocess 502 and or service negotiation process 514. Synchronizationprocess 516 may be optional or it may be partially skipped if thenecessary components (e.g., identified in the service negotiation step514) already exist in information apparatus 100.

After they have been identified, the necessary components or parts ofcomponents or data may be uploaded to the information apparatus 100 fromoutput controller 120. Examples of possible components may include,without limitation, one or more of the following: data, device driver,printer driver, application software, software components, metafiles,user interface etc. The output manager 308 may participate in,coordinate or manage the synchronization process 516. Encryptiontechniques may be implemented in the synchronization process 516 toprevent eavesdropping.

The newly uploaded components may be incorporated into the outputmanager 308 residing in the user's information apparatus 100.Alternatively or in combination, the newly uploaded components may beinstalled into the information apparatus 100 as a separate applicationor as part of the output manager 308. The process of uploading andinstalling may be done automatically or manually by the user, or acombination of the two.

Part or all of synchronization process 516 may be skipped in someinstances. For example, the information apparatus 100 may alreadyinclude all the software components and data or drivers necessary foroutput to the selected output device or devices 140. This may be due tothe components having been uploaded from a previous synchronizationprocess 516 and left undeleted, or alternatively the user may havepreinstalled all the necessary components for output in the informationapparatus 100. In these cases, no software components are being uploadedand the user may be notified of this status for possible override ofsynchronization process 516. Alternatively synchronization process 516may be automatically skipped transparently to the user.

Step 518 indicates that print or output job processing is performed. Inthis step 518, the print request or print job is processed and digitalcontent or document may be converted to the final format to send to theoutput device 140 for output. At the beginning of this step 518, theuser may be provided with options to select or change or input printingor output preferences such as page layout, number of copies,color/grayscale, print quality parameters, etc. These options mayinclude or offer pre-configured user preferences or factory defaults.Some options, parameters and preferences may be device-dependent whileothers may be device-independent. For example, device dependentparameters and preferences may be presented after having synchronized oruploaded device dependent components or information from the outputcontroller 120. Device independent parameters and preferences may alsobe uploaded and synchronized like the device dependent parameters andpreferences or may be pre-installed as part of the output manager 308prior to the synchronization and uploading of information.

With reference to FIGS. 4A-4F, output controller 120 may be implementedin a variety of ways. Different implementations of output controller 120may impact the procedures described here. The original digital documentor content included or generated in an application 312 in informationapparatus 100 may be processed by different applications in differentlocations (application software 312, output manager 308, outputcontroller 120, printer controller) before being converted to a finalprint data that can be accepted by a printer engine for output. Forexample, raster image processing of the digital document to convert itto print data suitable to output device 140 may occur entirely orpartially in application software 312, output manager 308, outputcontroller 120, or the printer controller, depending on theimplementation, configuration, and the type of output system and outputdevice among others. Different processing procedures and embodimentsthat may be implemented in this step 518 are described in more detailbelow with reference to FIG. 7.

Step 520 indicates that the printer engine or display engine 908generates a final output. In this step 520, the processing result ofstep 518 is sent to a printer engine or display engine 908 of an outputdevice 140 to generate final output on a substrate, for example. Memorybuffers may be needed to temporarily store print data before output.Firmware, DSP, ASIC, FPGA, system-on-a-chip, software, or a combination,may be used or involved to convert digital data into signals suitablefor the printer engine or display engine 908.

After a print job or output job has been successfully printed ordisplayed, the user may be provided a choice (not shown) to delete thecomponents that have been uploaded to the information apparatus 100during the synchronization process 516. This optional feature may beuseful when the information apparatus 100 has limited storage space. Oneimplementation of this optional feature is to provide a setting in theoutput manager 308 in which the user has a choice to (1) always keep theuploaded data or components; or (2) always automatically delete theuploaded data or components upon completion of the print job, or uponexit of the application, or upon shutting down of the informationapparatus or upon elapse of certain amount of time; or (3) always askthe user whether to delete or keep the uploaded component or data.

The above description illustrates an exemplary embodiment of outputprocess 501. A printer is referred to as output device 140 in the aboveillustration, however, it should be recognized that output process 501could be easily applied to other output devices 140 such as faxmachines, digital copiers, display screens, TVs, monitors, projectors,voice output devices etc.

A pervasive output process implementing fewer or additional steps mayalso be possible. For example step 502, the discovery process, may beskipped if the user already knows which printer or printers are tooutput the content. As another example, a payment-processing step may beadded to the above-described output process 501 if the printing serviceis provided for a fee. Output controller 120, in this case, may provideservices such as calculating payment amount or collecting payments in avariety of possible forms, for example, credit card, bank card, cash,E-cash, smart card, among others. The payment information (e.g., creditcard number or other credit identification or payment) may be stored inthe information apparatus 100 and released to the output controller 120at the user's choice. Adding additional processes or skipping one ormore steps in output process 501 does not, however, depart from thespirit and scope of present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of service negotiation process 514. Inthis illustration, it is assumed that available output devices 140 havebeen identified from the discovery process 502. In the servicenegotiation process 514, information apparatus 100 exchanges informationwith output controller 120 or output devices 140. Service negotiationprocess 514 may include one or more of the following:

(1) The user may be provided with information on the available outputdevices 140.(2) The user may select a desired output service according to theinformation provided.

The output manager 308 residing in the information apparatus 100 mayparticipate in, coordinate and manage the service negotiation process514, together with the output controller 120.

In step 600, the user may be provided at information apparatus 100 withinformation on some or all available output devices 140 identified inthe discovery process 502. Information being provided here may includeone or more of the following:

Total number of available output devices discovered.

Model and make of each available output device.

Type and capability of the output device.

Type of service and quality of service provided by each available outputdevice.

Conditions under which the services are provided. For example, ifservice charge or subscription fee is required and the acceptablepayment method.

Whether the use of each output device is restricted to certain groups.

The components or information, if any, need to be uploaded to theinformation apparatus to enable output to the selected output devices.

Information collected during discovery process 502 may be provided tothe user through a user interface on the information apparatus 100, suchas a GUI or voice or another interface.

In step 602, based on some or all of the information provided, the usermay choose one or more output devices to take the print request or printjob. On the other hand, the user may choose to decline the outputservice offered, and choose not to output the document or content to anyof those devices. In this case, alternatives may be provided to the useras previously described with reference to step 508 (FIG. 508).

Authentication step 604 is optional, but may be necessary if, forexample, the use of an output device 140 is restricted to a group ofusers. In this case, the user may have to provide authenticationinformation to identify him/herself as part of the authorized group touse the service. Examples of authentication methods may include a user'sname, password, personal identification number (PIN), ID number,signatures, security keys (physical or digital), biometric, fingerprint,voice, etc. ID number or IP address of the information apparatus 100 mayalso be used as authentication information. Such authenticationinformation may be provided by the user manually or detectedautomatically by the output controller 120 or output device 140.

It should be recognized that FIG. 6 only provides one embodiment of theservice negotiation process 514 of present invention. A servicenegotiation process 514 having fewer or additional steps may also bepossible. As an example, step 604 (authentication) may not be necessaryif the use of an output device 140 is not restricted. As anotherexample, one or more steps, such as credit verification, payment,deposit, escrow, and receipt processing may be added to the negotiationprocess 514 if a service charge is involved. All these and otherpossible variations, however, shall not depart from the spirit and scopeof present invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates different processing procedures that may beimplemented as part of output or print job processing step 518. For thisdescription, output device 140 is referred to as a printer and outputdata is referred to as print data. It should be understood that aprinter is only one embodiment of an output device. Display, projectionand audio devices are also output devices within the scope of presentinvention. In no way should the use of printer, in place of outputdevice, and print data, in place of output data, be viewed asrestricting the scope to a printing device in the following discussion.

In step 700, output manager 308 processes an input digital document orcontent 701 and converts it to print data 703 that can be transmitted tooutput controller 120, combined controller (120C, 120F) or directly toprinter engine 908. Rasterization, interpretation, encoding, decoding,etc. may take place in this step. In one implementation, print data 703may utilize an intermediate format or language to facilitate thetransmission of the digital document or content 701 to the outputcontroller 120. This intermediate format or language may be a predefinedinput format or language that the output controller 120 can understand.It is also possible in this step 700 that the output manager 308 simplypasses the digital document 701 in its original format to the outputcontroller 120 with little processing. In still another exemplaryimplementation, the output manager 308 may process (e.g. raster imageprocess) the digital content or document 701 into a final print data oroutput data format compatible to the input requirements of the outputdevice 140. Encryption techniques may be used to assure the security ofcommunication between information apparatus 100 and output devices 140.

As indicated above, output data or print data (in case of a printer) 703generated by step 700 may be in various formats. In one embodiment, theprint data 703 may be in a final format suitable for sending directly tothe printer engine. In this case, the output controller 120 does littleor no processing. One exemplary use of this configuration can beimplemented in a low cost inkjet printer that does not have a printercontroller. In this example, the print data 703 may be in a compressed 1bit or more CMYK data format that can be sent directly to the printerengine 908 for final output as shown in step 702. Or print data 703 canbe sent to the output controller 120 for possible optional features suchas buffering, queuing, and print job management as shown in step 704.

In another embodiment, output manager 308 may generate print data 703 inan intermediate format, language, or instruction that requires furtherprocessing. Examples of such format, language or instruction mayinclude, without limitations, Page description languages (e.g.PostScript, PCL), metafiles (e.g. EMF), markup languages (e.g. XML,HTML), image or graphics formats (TIFF, GIF, PNG, JPEG compressed),among others. The intermediate format may also include proprietarysolutions in page description languages, markup languages, metafiles,image and graphics formats, encoding and decoding, compression anddecompression. The above-mentioned intermediate formats may be usedindependently, or in combinations.

As described above with reference to FIG. 4, output controller 120 maybe implemented in a variety of ways. Different implementations of outputcontroller 120 may impact the processing procedures described here withreference to FIG. 7.

As shown in step 702, the print data 703 is sent directly to the printeror display engine 908 for final output with little or no furtherprocessing from output controller 120 or a printer controller 910. Inthis case, the print data or output data 703 is preferably to be in afinal format or language that can be understood by the printer ordisplay engine 908 that is part of the selected output devices ordevices 140.

Alternatively, as shown in step 704, print data 703 is sent to an outputcontroller 120 connected to or installed within a selected printer oroutput device 140. In one embodiment, the print data 703 may be in afinal format or language that can be understood and processed by theprinter or display engine 908. In this case, the output controller maybuffer the input print data 703 before passing it to the printer ordisplay engine 908 with little or no further processing. In anotherembodiment, print data 703 maybe in an intermediate format or languagenot understood by the printer 900 or output engine 908. Therefore, theoutput controller 120 may process the print data and convert it into afinal format, language or instruction that can be sent to the printerengine (or other output engine, in the case of other type of outputdevice).

Regardless of the format of input print data 703, the output controller120 may perform additional management functions such as paymentprocessing, service verification, authentication, print job management,queuing, spooling, quality of service among others.

As illustrated in step 706 and 708, the print data 703 may be processedby both output controller 120 (in step 706) and printer controller 910(in step 708) separately before being sent to the printer engine 908 forfinal output. For example, some printers, such as high-speed laserprinters, already include a printer controller 910 that has thecapability of processing certain types of input such as PostScript, PCL,and XML, among others. In this case, the output controller 120 mayprocess or convert the print data 703 into the input 707 required by theprinter controller 910. Alternatively, in a different implementation, ifthe print data 703 is already in one of the formats or languages thatare compatible and can be understood by the printer controller 910, theoutput controller 120 may simply buffer the print data 703 and sent itdirectly to the printer controller 910 as needed with little or noprocessing. In step 708, the printer controller 910 may performfunctions such as interpretation, decoding, and raster image processingoperations on the input print data 707 (such as a page descriptionlanguage) if such operations were not already performed by outputcontroller 120 or by output manager 308. The processed result of theprinter controller 910 may be sent to the printer engine 908 for finaloutput.

As illustrated in step 710, a single combined controller 120F, 120C (asillustrated in FIGS. 4C and 4F) that combines the functionalities ofoutput controller 120 and a printer controller 910 may process the printdata. Applications that provide feature sets for each controller mayshare the same resources, such as processor, memory space, storage unit,etc. Under this configuration, the combined controller (120C, 120F) mayfurther process the print data 703 in step 710 if the print data 703 isnot already in the format or language required by printer engine. Thecombined controller (120C, 120F) may need to perform interpretation,decoding and rasterization operations in addition to converting theinput print data 703 (in one or more of intermediate formats describedpreviously) to the required format, language or instruction of theprinter engine 908 for output. If the print data 703 is already in thefinal format, language or instruction understood by the printer engine908, the combined controller (120C, 120F) might simply buffer the printdata 703 and send it as needed to the printer engine 908 for output.

Similarly, other than processing print data, the output controller 120and the combined controller (120C, 120F) may perform functions such aspayment processing (if service charge applies); print job management,queuing, spooling, etc.

FIGS. 8A-8E show a series of exemplary graphical user interfaces (GUIs)rendered at different times on a display screen 800 of an informationapparatus 100 to illustrate one implementation of the output process 501described with reference to FIG. 5. The user interfaces shown can beimplemented in an information apparatus 100 with or without an operatingsystem. The user interfaces illustrated here are only one example, andother user interfaces may also be implemented within the scope of thepresent invention.

Referring to FIG. 8A, a user receives an email on an informationapparatus 100 using an email application. Functions available to theuser are displayed at the bottom of the screen 800. Printing is one ofthe functions displayed by the “print” function control or icon 802. Theuser may invoke such functions by selecting the icons displayed. Theuser can make the selection by using, for example, any one orcombination of a keyboard, keypad, mouse, stylus, soft keys, pushbuttons, software command, touch sensitive screen, etc. The user mayalso make such selection by, for example, a pull down menu,voice-activated command, etc.

As the user selects “Print” function control 802, the output processdescribed with reference to FIG. 5 is invoked. As a result, the user isnotified of all the printers, if any, available that can take the printor output job. If no available printers are detected, the user may alsobe notified and provided with alternatives as described with referenceto steps 506 and 508 of FIG. 5.

Assume in this example that three printers are found available as theresult of discovery process step 502. In FIG. 8B, screen 810 informs theuser of the make and model of each available printer. The user mayobtain further information on each available printer by, for example,selecting a “more information” control or arrow sign 814 displayed afterthe name of each printer. Further information provided here may include,without limitation, service options offered by each printer, quality ofservices provided, service charge if any, acceptable payment method, andwhether the use of such printer is restricted to a certain group.

If a printer is restricted to be used by a certain group, the user maybe required to provide identification information before being able toselect this printer. For example, to use a printer placed in the hallwayof a company office building, a user may have to identify himself orherself as an employee of such company. Password, personalidentification number or I.D. number of the information apparatus 100may be required for authorization purposes. The identificationinformation may be provided by the user manually or detected by theoutput controller 120 or output device 140 automatically. If the printerprovides fee-based service, certain payment process steps may berequired additionally, which are not shown in the figures forsimplicity.

After the user has successfully selected the desired output device ordevices in the service negotiation process 514, the informationapparatus 100 may communicate with output controller 120 to identifydata or software components, if any, which need to be uploaded to theinformation apparatus 100 to enable printing. The output manager 308residing in the information apparatus 100 may participate in, coordinateand manage the communications between applications in the informationapparatus 100 and the output controller 120.

In this particular example, as illustrated in FIG. 8C, the communicationbetween the information apparatus 100 and the output controller 120 hasidentified that a printer driver needs to be uploaded as displayed onscreen 820. Options are provided to the user as whether or not tocontinue the process. This information and selection are optional as theprocess may be implemented transparently to the user. Other optionalinformation that the information apparatus 100 may provide to the userincludes, for example, the estimation of time needed for the uploading.

The above description gives an example of a printer driver componentthat may need to be uploaded. Other components and combinations may alsobe possible; this may include for example a partial print driver, data,software components, or a user interface. A partial print driver orcomponent may for example include only device dependent softwarecomponents and data specific to an output device. Device independentcode and data of the device driver may have been previously installed inthe information apparatus 100 and therefore need not be uploaded. It isalso possible that no components need to be uploaded because all thecomponents needed for printing to the selected output device 140 mayalready reside in the information apparatus 100. Assuming in thisexample that the user agrees to upload the driver, FIG. 8D illustratesan example of an interface when synchronization process 516 proceeds.

When the synchronization process 516 is completed, screen 840 isdisplayed to the user as shown in FIG. 8E. The user may use screen 840to select a preference such as page range, number of copies, number ofcards per page, color or grayscale, page layout parameters, etc.Selecting “property” control or button 842, the user may be providedwith more device-dependent options such as color and tone adjustments,halftoning parameters, duplexing, resolution, watermarking, etc.

Steps 518 and 520 can proceed after the user finishes selecting anypreferences. The user, after selecting the confirmation control or “OK”button 844 shown in FIG. 8E, waits to obtain the printout or otheroutput from the printer or printers 140 selected. FIG. 8F illustrates aninterface for the printing process of steps 518 and 520.

After the print job has been successfully finished, the user may beprovided with an option to keep or delete the printer driver or softwarecomponents or synchronized device dependent data, which was uploaded toinformation apparatus 100 in the earlier steps. This option may bebeneficial to those mobile information apparatuses 100 with limitedmemory space or a casual user of that particular output device 140. Auser who frequently uses a selected printer may wish to keep the printerdriver, software components, or data installed so that synchronizationfor uploading components may be skipped when the printer is used again.

FIGS. 8A-8E illustrate only one example of the output process shown inFIG. 5. While the above descriptions contain much specificity, theseshould not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention,but rather as exemplary embodiment thereof. Other user interfaces andembodiments may also be implemented. The process may also be implementedwith more or fewer steps. As an example, security verification,authentication, and payment processing may be added to steps illustratedin FIGS. 8A-8E. As another example, the step illustrated by FIG. 8C maybe skipped as the loading process proceeds automatically when the userselects a desired printer or printers. These and other possiblevariations do not however depart from the scope of present invention.

Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determined not by theembodiments illustrated, but by the appended claims and their legalequivalents.

Having described and illustrated the principles of our invention withreference to an illustrated embodiment, it will be recognized that theillustrated embodiment can be modified in arrangement and detail withoutdeparting from such principles. In view of the many possible embodimentsto which the principles of our invention may be applied, it should berecognized that the detailed embodiments are illustrative only andshould not be taken as limiting the scope of our invention. Rather, Iclaim as my invention all such embodiments as may come within the scopeand spirit of the following claims and equivalents thereto.

What is claimed is:
 1. A wireless output controller for providing outputservice to one or more information apparatus that are distinct andseparate devices from the wireless output controller, the wirelessoutput controller includes: memory or storage storing one or more devicedependent attributes related to the wireless output controller, one ormore wireless communication units, the one or more wirelesscommunication units include one or more radio frequency link controllersto enable the wireless output controller to wirelessly transmit the oneor more device dependent attributes, stored in the memory or storage andrelated to the wireless output controller, to the one or moreinformation apparatus, wherein the wireless output controller isconfigured to: (1) wirelessly announce or advertise, using the one ormore wireless communication units, availability of the wireless outputcontroller to enable an information apparatus, from among the one ormore information apparatus, to wirelessly discover the output serviceprovided by the wireless output controller, the wireless discovery isbased, at least in part, on the information apparatus being within alimited physical distance to the wireless output controller for shortrange wireless communication; (2) wirelessly transmit, using the one ormore wireless communication units of the wireless output controller andover a radio frequency wireless communication link, the one or moredevice dependent attributes from the wireless output controller to theinformation apparatus, the wireless transmitting of the one or moredevice dependent attributes from the wireless output controller to theinformation apparatus is based, at least in part, on the wireless outputcontroller being wirelessly discovered by the information apparatus in(1), and the one or more device dependent attributes, wirelesslytransmitted from the wireless output controller to the informationapparatus, are related to the wireless output controller; (3) wirelesslyreceive information or a service request from the information apparatussubsequent to having wirelessly transmitted the one or more devicedependent attributes from the wireless output controller to theinformation apparatus in (2); (4) implementing, by the wireless outputcontroller, an authentication or security procedure in response tohaving wirelessly received the information or the service request fromthe information apparatus in (3), the authentication or securityprocedure is for enabling the information apparatus or a user of theinformation apparatus to access services provided by the wireless outputcontroller, the authentication or security procedure includes obtaining,by the wireless output controller, at least one of identificationinformation, address information, security information, a password, apin, or biometric information, individually or in any combination,related to the user of the information apparatus or the informationapparatus, and wherein based, at least in part, on having successfullyimplemented the authentication or security procedure at the wirelessoutput controller, the wireless output controller is further configuredto: (5) wirelessly receive, using the one or more wireless communicationunits, output data from the information apparatus, the wirelessreceiving of the output data is based, at least in part, on havingwirelessly transmitted the one or more device dependent attributes in(2) from the wireless output controller to the information apparatus;and (6) provide, by the wireless output controller, output managementfunctions, the output management functions include one or more ofstoring, buffering, queuing, or spooling, of at least part of thereceived output data in (5), at the memory or storage, for outputting orrendering at least part of the output data; and wherein the wirelessoutput controller provides the output service to the informationapparatus based on (a) having been wirelessly discovered by theinformation apparatus, and (b) having implemented the authentication orthe security procedure at the wireless output controller in (4).
 2. Thewireless output controller of claim 1, wherein the wireless outputcontroller is internally included in an output device, and the outputdevice, is at least one of a printer, a printing device, a displaydevice, a television, a projection device, or a wireless audio outputdevice, individually or in any combination, and wherein the informationapparatus is at least one of a smart phone, an information pad, or adigital camera, individually or in any combination.
 3. The wirelessoutput controller of claim 1, wherein the wireless output controller isexternally attached, via a wired interface, to a television, and theoutput data received from the information apparatus includes audiodigital content or video digital content, and wherein the wirelessoutput controller is further configured to: process, by one or moreprocessors included in the wireless output controller, at least part ofthe output data wirelessly received from the information apparatus in(5); and deliver, via the wired interface, at least part of theprocessed output data to the television for outputting at least part ofthe audio digital content or video digital content.
 4. The wirelessoutput controller of claim 1, wherein the one or more wirelesscommunication units include one or more wireless communication chip orchipsets, and wherein the wireless output controller is furtherconfigured to: wirelessly establish, using the wireless communicationchip or chipsets included in the wireless output controller, a radiofrequency wireless communication link between the wireless outputcontroller and the information apparatus that has wirelessly discoveredthe wireless output controller in (1); and wherein the establishing ofthe radio frequency wireless communication link, by the one or morewireless communication chip or chipsets, are compliant, at least inpart, to a protocol within IEEE 802.11 standards or Bluetoothspecifications.
 5. The wireless output controller of claim 1, whereinthe wireless receiving, using the one or more wireless communicationunits, of the output data from the information apparatus in (5) includeswirelessly receiving the output data via (i) a short range wirelesscommunication link directly between the wireless output controller andthe information apparatus, or (ii) a wireless local area networkconnection between the information apparatus and the wireless outputcontroller.
 6. The wireless output controller of claim 1, wherein thewireless output controller further includes: operating system softwarefor managing one or more application software running at the wirelessoutput controller, and wherein the wireless output controller is furtherconfigured to: download or install, using the one or more wirelesscommunication units of the wireless output controller, one or moreapplication software from a server over a network for updating ormodifying features and capabilities of the wireless output controller,the download or install of the one or more application software beingmanaged, at least in part, by the operating system software.
 7. Awireless output device to wirelessly receive output data from aninformation apparatus that is a distinct and separate device from thewireless output device, the wireless output device includes: one or moreembedded processors; memory or storage for storing one or more deviceattributes related to the wireless output device; software or firmwarestored at the memory or the storage; one or more wireless communicationunits that include hardware circuitry to enable the wireless outputdevice to wirelessly communicate with the information apparatus; and anoutput controller for processing data, wherein, upon execution of atleast part of the software or firmware by the one or more embeddedprocessors, the wireless output device: (1) wirelessly announces oradvertises, via the one or more wireless communication units,availability of the wireless output device for service, the wirelessannouncing or advertising is for enabling the information apparatus towirelessly discover the wireless output device, the wireless discoveryis based, at least in part, on the information apparatus being within alimited physical distance to the wireless output device for short rangewireless communication with the wireless output device; (2) wirelesslytransmits, using the one or more wireless communication units of thewireless output device and over a radio frequency wireless communicationchannel, the one or more device attributes that are stored in the memoryor the storage of the wireless output device, to the informationapparatus that has wirelessly discovered the wireless output device in(1), the one or more device attributes are related to the wirelessoutput device; (3) wirelessly receives, via the one or more wirelesscommunication units and over a radio frequency wireless communicationchannel from the information apparatus, output data, the output dataincludes digital content for outputting or rendering at the wirelessoutput device, and the receiving of the output data is subsequent tohaving wirelessly transmitted the one or more device attributes from thewireless output device to the information apparatus in (2); and (4)processes, by the output controller included in the wireless outputdevice, at least part of the wirelessly received output data in (3) intoa form, a format, an instruction, or a language, individually or in anycombination, that is acceptable for outputting or rendering by an outputdevice associated with the wireless output device, the processing of thereceived output data includes at least one of a decoding operation, aconversion operation, a scaling operation, or an interpreting operation,individually or in any combination; and wherein, the wireless outputdevice provides an output service to the information apparatus afterbeing wirelessly discovered by the information apparatus and afterhaving wirelessly transmitted the one or more device attributes from thewireless output device to the information apparatus; and wherein theradio frequency wireless communication channel between the informationapparatus and the wireless output device is (a) a direct short rangewireless communication, or (b) a wireless local area networkcommunication.
 8. The wireless output device of claim 7 in which theinformation apparatus is at least a smart phone, and wherein thewireless output device is at least one of: (a) a television or a displaydevice or a projection device, and the digital content includes at leastvideo digital content; or (b) an output controller wire connectable to atelevision, and the digital content includes at least video digitalcontent, wherein the output device associated with the wireless outputdevice is the television; or (c) a printing device, and the digitalcontent includes at least an image or a digital document; or (d) anaudio output device, and the digital content includes at least audiodigital content.
 9. The wireless output device of claim 8, wherein theone or more wireless communication units are compliant, at least inpart, with at least one implementation within Bluetooth specificationsfor establishing the radio frequency wireless communication channel, andwherein the wireless output device is at least an audio output device,and the digital content includes at least audio digital content.
 10. Thewireless output device of claim 7, wherein the one or more wirelesscommunication units are compliant, at least in part, with at least oneimplementation within IEEE 802.11 standards for establishing the radiofrequency wireless communication channel.
 11. The wireless output deviceof claim 10, wherein upon execution of at least part of the software orfirmware by the one or more embedded processors, the wireless outputdevice further: downloads, using the one or more wireless communicationunits and via a wireless local area network, one or more applicationsoftware at the wireless output device, from a server or a host computerover the wireless local area network, and wherein the wireless outputdevice further installs the downloaded one or more application software,at the wireless output device, for updating or modifying features andcapabilities of the wireless output device.
 12. The wireless outputdevice of claim 7, wherein the wireless output device is at least aprinting device and wherein the one or more device attributes includeone or more of capability information, duplex information, colorinformation, language information, or format information, individuallyor in any combination, which are related, at least in part, to theprinting device; and wherein the wirelessly received output data is inaccordance, at least in part, with the one or more device attributes;and wherein the radio frequency wireless communication channel betweenthe information apparatus and the wireless output device is compatible,at least in part, with at least a protocol within IEEE 802.11 standards.13. The wireless output device of claim 11, wherein the wireless outputdevice is at least an output controller wire connectable to the outputdevice that is at least a television, and wherein, upon execution of atleast part of the software or firmware by the one or more embeddedprocessors, the wireless output device further: provides, by thewireless output device, output management functions that include one ormore of storing, queuing, or spooling, of at least part of thewirelessly received output data in (3) at said memory or storage of thewireless output device; and deliver, by the wireless output device, atleast part of the processed output data in (4), via the wire connectionand to the television, for outputting or rendering at least part of thedigital content.
 14. A wireless output controller to provide output ofdigital content received from one or more client devices that aredistinct and separate devices from the wireless output controller, thewireless output controller includes: one or more processors, memory orstorage, software or firmware stored, at least partly, at the memory orstorage, one or more wireless communication units including one or morewireless communication chips or chipsets for enabling wirelesscommunication between the wireless output controller and the one or moreclient devices, and wherein execution of the software or firmware, bythe one or more processors at the wireless output controller, implementsa method, at the wireless output controller, comprising: (1) wirelesslybroadcasting or advertising, using the one or more wirelesscommunication chips or chipsets of the wireless output controller,availability of the wireless output controller to enable a clientdevice, from among the one or more client devices, to wirelesslydiscover the wireless output controller for service, the wirelessdiscovery is based, at least in part, on short range wirelesscommunication between the one or more client devices and the wirelessoutput controller; (2) wirelessly establishing, using the one or morewireless communication chips or chipsets of the wireless outputcontroller, a wireless communication link between the wireless outputcontroller and the client device that has wirelessly discovered thewireless output controller in (1); (3) wirelessly transmitting, usingthe one or more wireless communication chips or chipsets and over theestablished wireless communication link in (2), device informationrelated to the wireless output controller, from the wireless outputcontroller to the client device that has wirelessly discovered thewireless output controller in (1); (4) wirelessly receiving, using theone or more wireless communication chips or chipsets of the wirelessoutput controller, output data from the client device, the receiving ofthe output data being subsequent to having wirelessly transmitted thedevice information, related to the wireless output controller, from thewireless output controller to the client device, and the received outputdata includes digital content for rendering or outputting at one or moreoutput devices that are connected to the wireless output controller; (5)processing or decoding or interpreting, using the one or more processorsat the wireless output controller, at least part of the output datawirelessly received in (4); and (6) delivering, by the wireless outputcontroller, at least part of the processed, decoded, or interpretedoutput data in (5) to the one or more output devices for outputting orrendering at least part of the digital content; and wherein the wirelessoutput controller provides the output service to the client device: (a)subsequent to having been wirelessly discovered by the client device,and (b) subsequent to having wirelessly transmitted the deviceinformation related to the wireless output controller, from the wirelessoutput controller to the client device that has wirelessly discoveredthe wireless output controller.
 15. The wireless output controller ofclaim 14, wherein the one or more wireless communication chips orchipsets are compatible, at least in part, with an implementation withinIEEE 802.11 standards or Bluetooth specifications for establishing thewireless communication link; and wherein the client device includes atleast a smart phone, an information pad, or a digital camera,individually or in any combination.
 16. The wireless output controllerof claim 15, wherein the wireless output controller is includedinternally as part of the one or more output devices, and wherein thewireless output controller is embodied as one or more of a printingdevice, a monitor, a display device, a television, a projection device,or an audio output device, individually or in any combination.
 17. Thewireless output controller of claim 15, wherein the one or more outputdevices connected to the wireless output controller include atelevision, and wherein the wireless output controller is wire connectedexternally to the television, and wherein the digital content includesat least audio digital content or video digital content, individually orin any combination.
 18. The wireless output controller of claim 15,wherein the device information includes one or more of capabilityinformation, duplex information, color information, languageinformation, or format information, individually or in any combination,related to the wireless output controller; and wherein the wirelesslyreceived output data in (4) is in accordance, at least in part, with thedevice information that is wirelessly transmitted from the wirelessoutput controller to the client device in (3).
 19. The wireless outputcontroller of claim 14, wherein the execution of the software orfirmware, by the one or more processors at the wireless outputcontroller, implements the method, the method further comprises:providing output management functions at the wireless output controller,the output management functions include one or more of storing, queuing,or spooling, individually or in any combination, of at least part of thewirelessly received output data in (4), at the memory or storage beforeprocessing, decoding or interpreting, at the wireless output controller,the at least part of the output data.
 20. The wireless output controllerof claim 14, wherein the execution of the software or firmware, by theone or more processors at the wireless output controller, implements themethod, the method further comprises: implementing an authenticationprocedure or a security procedure, at the wireless output controller,for enabling the client device or a user of the client device to accessservices provided by the wireless output controller, the authenticationprocedure or the security procedure includes obtaining, by the wirelessoutput controller, one or more of identification information, addressinformation, security information, a password, or biometric information,individually or in any combination, related to the user or the clientdevice; and wherein, subsequent to having successfully implemented theauthentication procedure or the security procedure, the wireless outputcontroller wirelessly receives, via the one or more wirelesscommunication chips or chipsets of the wireless output controller, theoutput data from the client device in (4).